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MNI US Employment Insight: Weak NFPs Unlikely To Trouble Fed
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You are invited to listen to a livestreamed MNI Connect Video Conference with the Congressional Budget Office, Phillip Swagel.
Details below:
- Speaker: Phillip Swagel, Director of the Congressional Budget Office.
- Topic of discussion: ‘The U.S. Budget and Economic Outlook’
- Date: Thursday, 22nd October 2026, 10 am to 11:30 am ET / 3 pm to 4:30 pm London time.
- This event will be run as a Zoom Webinar and is a public, on-the-record event.
To register please go to: MNI Webcast Registration
Europe must boost the international use of its currency or become more vulnerable to U.S. and Chinese monetary influences, an advisor to the EU Parliament told MNI, calling on the European Central Bank to extend swap lines to countries with which the EU wants more trade such as India.
“Being embedded in a system where the U.S. makes the rules is all well and good as long as the U.S. is an ally, but in the current situation that's just a bad choice," Jens van’t Klooster, Associate Professor of Political Economy at the University of Amsterdam, said in an interview, adding that Europe lacks a “very significant dimension of sovereignty.”
Swap lines could be key, van’t Klooster said.
"I don't think it would be so strange to say, ‘Okay, we're going to move beyond these large financial centres, the large Pan-Atlantic central banks, and also look at countries where we want to promote monetary relationships and local banking,” he said.
“If you make a trade agreement; if you revise a piece of payment legislation; if you pass financial supervision measures for large banks, in all those contexts, dollar dependence and the issue of international euro is only going to be more important.”
PAYMENT SYSTEMS
The ECB outlined its strategy for a European international payment system in March. But while there is interest in national capitals, a lack of expertise at the European Commission and a lack of institutional accountability is slowing progress, said van’t Klooster, co-author of a recent paper on building the global euro for the European Macro Policy Network think tank.
It calls on the EU to set out an internationalisation strategy, create a cross-institutional tokenisation taskforce, and track progress through the Commission's Economic and Financial Affairs Council said van't Klooster, adding that MiCar, the EU’s 2024 crypto-asset regulation framework, may also need to be revisited.
The Chinese yuan has recently surpassed the euro in key metrics such as trade invoicing, he noted. Allowing the U.S.'s promotion of stablecoin to go unchallenged would also mean even more far-reaching dollarisation, including in the EU periphery, he said.
"If U.S. tech firms such as Meta, Google, etc., start marketing these assets, that could happen very quickly,” he said. “In a different scenario - and this is my view - there is a big crisis, comparable to a re-run of 2008. European banks would then be dependent on the dollar, and it's not hard to see how this current U.S. administration would use that for leverage.”
While the ECB has focussed on a digital euro as opposed to stablecoins, its tight holding limits designed to protect Europe’s banks from competition are a significant limitation, said van’t Klooster said. (See MNI: Digital Euro On Track For Approval By End Of The Year)
Completing the capital markets union and creating a common EU safe asset would also help, but have become “a bit overemphasised in the debate around the internationalisation of the euro,” he said.
Oct-02 10:12
Higher global interest rates could be a structural change as increased government borrowing and a surge in AI-led investment soak up the savings glut of the early decades of the century, the chief economist of a leading UK mortgage lender told MNI, adding that tightening financial conditions may do some of the Bank of England’s work for it.
"When it comes to the long-term interest rates, it feels like there's been a structural shift taking place," Robert Gardner of the Nationwide Building Society said in an interview.
"If you think back 20 years ago when we were talking about a global savings glut and how that was pushing down yields across the developed world," he said.
"Now, a combination of an increase in government debt globally, which is absorbing a lot of those savings, and then we've had a huge acceleration in investment led by AI, and the net effect is that it's pushed up long-term interest rates. This has tightened financial conditions around the world as a result," Gardner said.
CONDITIONS AID BOE
Financial markets are pricing in a rise in Bank Rate when the Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee meets in November, but there is debate as to how much tightening could be needed after that. (See MNI INTERVIEW: More Difficult For BOE To Look Through-Sentance )
"A lot of this rise in market interest rates has done quite a bit of financial tightening for [the BOE] already," Gardner said.
"Clearly energy prices pose upside risks to inflation and hence interest rates. But is it’s also still possible that these increases in energy prices could ultimately bear down more on the demand side of things rather than supply, even though it's obviously going to push up headline inflation near term," he added. (see MNI POLICY: BOE's Focus On Energy Supply As It Swings To Hikes )
Given uncertainty and the lags involved in monetary policy, policymakers are in a difficult position, Gardner said, but he noted "given the experience of recent years most would probably argue, understandably, that leaving policy too loose is likely to prove a more costly error than having policy too tight."
Oct-02 09:25
UK house price growth slowed markedly in the year to September, but an improvement in affordability should help underpin the market despite headwinds, the chief economist of one of the nation's leading mortgage lenders told MNI.
"The fact that sentiment is weak is not surprising, and that housing market activity and house price growth has slowed," the Nationwide building society's Chief Economist Robert Gardner told MNI Thursday.
"Geopolitical tensions remain high, with the conflict in the Middle East exerting upward pressure on energy prices, fanning inflation concerns. This in turn has led to mounting financial market expectations of Bank Rate increases, which has maintained upward pressure on the market interest rates which underpin mortgage pricing.”
NERVOUS
Consumers "are understandably nervous about the rise in energy prices, what that might mean for interest rates and that seems to be weighing on sentiment," Gardner said, highlighting the increased visibility of higher inflation to consumers as food and fuel prices rise. "People see it when they go to fill up their cars and in the supermarket."
"The hope is of course that this energy shock will soon pass. That in turn will hopefully allow market interest rates to come back down and would, in turn, allow the market to regain momentum. The problem is it's very hard to know when that's going to happen," he noted. (See MNI INTERVIEW: UK Consumer Enjoys July 'Burnham Bounce' - GfK )
According to Nationwide data published on Thursday, September saw UK annual house price growth halve to 0.8%, the weakest since December 2025, though the average price across the UK remained close to record highs.
Gardner highlighed that underlying fundamentals remain positive.
"Credit quality remains strong, because the employment situation is still holding up well. As a result, we don't see any signs of forced selling and the sorts of things that would lead to more significant downward pressure on prices," he said
AFFORDABILITY
Gardner's preferred measure for looking at the underlying strength of the market is Nationwide's own long-run affordability series.
"Using this measure, you can see the extent to which housing costs are stretched by historic standards, and the story has been one of a steady improvement in affordability over the last 18 months or so," he said, despite a modest retracement since the start of the U.S.-Iran conflict.
"Similarly, as a result of the same trend, the house-price-to-earnings ratio has come down to its lowest level for over a decade, and that's important because it means deposit requirements aren't as binding as they were before," he said
There has also been an improvement in credit availability in the last couple of years with household balance sheets improving.
"If you look at the total amount of household debt relative to household income, that's almost at close to 20-year lows," with households saving an "unusually large proportion of income in recent years," he said. " Household balance sheets appear solid.”
Oct-02 09:25
The avoidance of any acknowledgement that inflation is above target by Bank of Japan Governor Kazuo Ueda is aimed both at averting potential criticism from Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi and at keeping good relations with her government ahead of key appointments to the BOJ board including that of his own successor, MNI understands.
Ueda’s stance has caused some confusion in markets, given clear signs that underlying inflation is already above 2%, despite the BOJ’s insistence that it is still only approaching 2% as it withdraws some monetary accommodation. However, while such an acknowledgement would tend to boost bond prices and the yen, officials fear that it would feed expectations of an accelerated series of rate hikes, whereas the BOJ prefers a more cautious and gradual approach.
Officials also worry that such an admission would indicate that the Bank had fallen behind the curve in containing inflation, potentially exposing it to criticism from the government. (See MNI INTERVIEW: Ex-BOJ Sakurai Sees Dec Hike, 2% Terminal Rate)
Core CPI excluding fresh food and institutional factors rose 2.6% in August, while the core measure excluding fresh food, energy and institutional factors rose 2.2%, the 23rd and 25th straight month above target respectively. All the BOJ’s models show a moderate increase in trend inflation, with estimates hovering in a range from 1.5 to around 2%, it said in July.
KEEP GOVERNMENT ONSIDE
The BOJ’s approach has been driven partly by its attempts to keep the government onside as it hikes rates. It has preferred to frame its actions as a withdrawal of accommodation as downside risks to the economy have receded. (See MNI POLICY: December BOJ Hike In View After September Tankan)
Officials are conscious also that Ueda needs to deepen his relationship with the prime minister in order to boost the chances that she will ask him to recommend possible candidates to take over as the next BOJ governor and for the two deputy governor positions. Ueda’s term will conclude in April 2028, and the prime minister’s office will begin narrowing down candidates to replace him towards the end of 2027.
While prime ministers usually ask for the BOJ governor’s opinion about a potential successor, Takaichi, if she remains in office, looks like nominating reflationists to all these posts, former senior BOJ officials warn, adding that this could significally detract from the credibility and independence of the central bank. A credible appointment of at least one deputy governor with solid market and monetary policy credentials, such as a former BOJ executive director, could mitigate some of this damage, they conceded.
Takaichi is already widely expected to appoint reflationists to replace two board members when their terms expire in July 2027, after appointing two other dovish members earlier this year. The two new members dissented against September’s rate hike.
Oct-02 06:48
U.S. manufacturing expanded again in September but risks are tiled to the downside as price pressures mount, Institute for Supply Management manufacturing chair Susan Spence told MNI Thursday.
"I'm tending to be more concerned, even though we're in expansion, because we have a war, we have trade wars, and we seem to have no end to the threats," she said in an interview.
Spence continues to be worried that the PMI could drop closer to 50. The headline measure in September ticked down to 54.5 from 54.6 in August, versus market forecasts for 55.0. The ISM production index eased 1.6 percentage points to 56.7.
Despite growth, ISM survey respondents are worried about further shocks, she said. "The survey takers are looking around and wondering what's next? What tariff war is next? And this Iran war was supposed to be very brief."
Asked about the balance of risks, Spence said: "I think to the downside."
"The roller coaster especially around tariffs has taught us some lessons last year, which is that your numbers could be good but that can kind of change on a dime. Sometimes the increases in new orders are because people are trying to get ahead of tariffs."
"I want to see this expansion really take off, like high 50s and 60s, but you've got these worrisome factors going on," Spence said, citing continued policy uncertainty and shocks.
PRICES SURGE
The prices paid measure increased by 6.8 to 77.9, its highest level since May. Many respondents continued to flag price and supply chain pressures. Almost 60% of manufacturing respondents indicated they were experiencing higher prices, a jump from 46.2 in the prior month's reading. Only 2.8% were experiencing lower prices.
There were 24 commodities reported up in price versus none reported lower, and 11 commodities reported in short supply, highlighted by metals and tech-related items. (See: MNI POLICY: Fed In No Hurry But Committed To Taming Inflation)
"There are more commodities up since the start of the war, and so I'm worried it will choke it off. That's kind of my conclusion," Spence said.
The new orders index increased 1.6 percentage points to 55.3, employment was up 1.5 points to 52.7, inventories were down 2.0 to 48.6, and backlog of orders increased 4.6 points to 56.4.
General sentiment was worse than last month, amid some demand softening, Spence said. "It feels like there's a stutter step there that eventually will hit production and backlog."
Oct-01 17:30
Kevin Warsh is putting his mark on the Federal Reserve as he lays the groundwork for regime change at the central bank, though the most profound shifts are months away and unlikely to shape the current course of monetary policy.
Some easy-fix changes are underway that move things in the direction Warsh seeks while the Fed focuses on restoring price stability and continuing to shorten its Treasury portfolio to achieve a more market-neutral composition.
Most immediately, the chairman is providing less guidance on the policy outlook: he trimmed the post-meeting statement and press conference and is refraining from submitting quarterly economic projections.
At his suggestion, the FOMC is also discussing how to reduce the number of meetings in which it votes on policy to make room for meetings dedicated to reevaluating central bank strategy. No official decision has been made.
LONGER-RUN
A foundational reassessment of the inflation framework and the optimal policy implementation framework, based on recommendations from two external task forces, will be thoroughly debated next year, and any changes would be implemented only once inflation is back near target and the Fed's portfolio contains a larger share of Treasury bills. (See MNI POLICY: Fed In No Hurry But Committed To Taming Inflation)
For now, Warsh, a longtime critic of the Fed's large balance sheet, has reaffirmed the ample reserves framework and promised a rigorous debate ahead of any change. An acceleration of duration reduction by shifting maturing coupon reinvestments into shorter-dated tenors would have little market impact, according to BofA Securities analysts.
Before resuming reserve management purchases, the FOMC last year said it favored a portfolio composition that more closely matches that of Treasury securities outstanding over the long run. The weighted average duration of the Fed's portfolio has exceeded total outstanding issuance since 2008.
Warsh's three other task forces -- on communications, data sources, and productivity and jobs -- are also charged with preparing the Fed for the next policy cycle. The data and productivity task forces include private sector experts looking at improving the quality and timeliness of real economic signals and assessing how AI is likely to affect productivity, employment and growth.
Each of the five task forces is assisted by one board staffer and one regional bank staffer, who play supporting roles and do not make suggestions on the findings.
"Their recommendations will come later and have no bearing on decisions we make in the current policy conjuncture. But I believe that for future policy challenges, this intellectual investment today will leave us far better prepared," Warsh said in Jackson Hole.
EXCITEMENT AND TREPIDATION
Among FOMC members and Fed staffers, the task forces have been met with a mix of excitement and trepidation. Some officials welcome Warsh's fresh thinking and push for change, particularly in areas like communication and the balance sheet where there was already some consensus on the need for improvement.
"All those things are time-driven, and so I think there's space and time, but we have to really emerge from those discussions to get more information … and try to figure out what our next actions are as an FOMC," Kansas City Fed President Jeff Schmid told Yahoo News on the sidelines of the Jackson Hole conference.
Some policymakers like Governor Chris Waller have publicly worried about whether the task forces are trying to reinvent the wheel, covering ground already trodden by Fed researchers over many years. Some staffers are also feeling left out: if their area of research is covered by the task force, they worry about what's happening outside their control; if it's not, they worry their expertise is no longer a key focus for the central bank. (See MNI POLICY: Warsh Task Forces Will Need To Woo FOMC Skeptics)
Oct-01 15:00
Promotion of the global use of the yuan should not be used as an argument for rushing through an opening of China’s capital account before institutional conditions mature, a prominent economist told MNI in an interview in which he also called for measures to boost imports and reduce the country’s trade surplus.
An overly-hasty capital account opening would jeopardise financial stability and end up being counter-productive for yuan internationalisation anyway, warned Yu Yongding, senior fellow at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, pointing to lessons from the 1998 Asian Financial Crisis.
While internationalisation of China’s currency can play an important role in safeguarding the nation’s financial security and building a financial powerhouse, this process should follow market principles and not be forced, said Yu, a former member of the People’s Bank of China’s monetary policy committee. (See MNI INTERVIEW: Chinese Industry Solid Enough For Stronger Yuan)
He added that the use of dollar payments systems as a weapon by the U.S. presents an opportunity for China and the yuan, though one that also bring new challenges. Non-resident demand for yuan assets is counter-cyclical, Yu noted, so abandoning capital controls would increase the difficulty for the central bank to carry out monetary policy as well as adding to financial stability risks.
The 1998 Asian Financial Crisis offers several lessons for China, according to the economist. Full convertibility of the Thai baht and its growing use in places like Malaysia and Singapore made it easy for speculators to short the currency, because of baht liquidity easily available beyond the jurisdiction of Thai authorities. In contrast, while the Hong Kong dollar was fully convertible, there were no significant pools of the currency outside the territory, so the Hong Kong Monetary Authority was able to stave off short-sellers by tightening liquidity, sending interbank lending rates soaring to 300% and making it unprofitable to borrow HKD.
Since 2016, China's approach to yuan internationalisation has shifted away from moving towards full convertibility of the currency towards a pipeline-style opening of the capital account, via schemes such as Bond Connect, Stock Connect, and Swap Connect.
Within this framework of a gradual and controlled opening of capital flows, China has been able to advance yuan use in areas such as pricing, settlement and international reserves, whilst limiting the potential for dangerous arbitrage, noted Yu.
TRADE SURPLUS
Another risk for China comes from its trade surpluses, whose growth over the past two years has come as shortfalls in domestic demand have forced companies to rely heavily on exports, Yu said. (See MNI INTERVIEW: China To Boost Imports To Balance Trade)
The swelling trade surplus has had geopolitical consequences, and has also added to China’s exposure to U.S. dollar assets, which now total over USD1 trillion, at a time when risks are rising from a deteriorating U.S. fiscal position and a bubble in AI stocks.
According to Yu, China needs to take measures to expand import demand and stabilise exports to achieve balanced foreign trade over time. It might even be able to tolerate some periods of trade deficit, which would enable it to spend its dollar IOUs on tangible resources required for domestic growth.
This means that the government should implement its Dual Circulation strategy and phase out export-oriented policies such as tax rebates and subsidies, Yu said.
Oct-01 09:45
China needs to seize the opportunity offered by low inflation to increase central government bond issuance and ease monetary policy, in order to boost demand by supporting infrastructure and public investment, a prominent economist told MNI.
“We have had opportunities for many years, but I do not know whether opportunities will continue to wait for us,” said Yu Yongding, senior fellow at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. “In my view, the intensity of expansionary fiscal and monetary policy is insufficient, and China’s economic growth rate can be higher than the current 5%.”
Yu pointed to potential for investment in the "Six Infrastructure Networks" including the national water grid, power grid, data centres, telecommunications, urban underground pipelines, and logistics network -- all in line with China’s latest 15th five-year plan.
“China’s infrastructure investment is far from saturated,” said Yu, a former member of the monetary policy committee of the People’s Bank of China.
Addressing concerns over low financial returns on infrastructure investments, he argued that the value of public investment cannot be measured solely by commercial returns, and due weight must also be given to its social and long-term benefits, as well as its significance for national security and strategic development.
On Tuesday, the PBOC cut its one-year Pledged Supplementary Lending rate by 25 basis points to 1.5% and expanded its scope to cover the six networks. Created in 2014 as a targeted policy tool, PSL provides re-lending facilities to the three policy banks to support investment in key areas. (See MNI INTERVIEW2: China Needs Monetary Easing To Boost Growth）
OPPORTUNITIES
If China’s inflation were higher it would make it more difficult to deploy stimulus, Yu noted, particularly at a time of rising oil prices, higher global inflation and U.S. 10-year Treasury yields near 5%, with the Federal Reserve potentially raising rates further. The country has a window of opportunity to act, he said.
Since 2024, China’s policy advisors have tended to agree that the country’s main economic problem is a shortfall in demand, but views remain divided as to whether bridging this demand gap requires prioritising consumption stimulus or scaling up infrastructure investment. The majority have advocated for stimulating consumption and not investment.
Yu insists that the core policy focus must remain on investment. Short-term fiscal stimulus can temporarily boost consumption, but it cannot alter long-term consumption trends, he said, adding that consumption is a function of income, income expectations, and wealth.
China's central debt-to-GDP ratio, low treasury yields, and subdued inflation indicate that the central government still has ample headroom for expanding leverage, Yu said. (See MNI: China To Deepen Fiscal-Monetary Coordination, Eye Credit)
The primary risk surrounding Chinese public debt lies in local government liabilities, which account for a uniquely high proportion of the country’s total public debt, he noted, adding that he agreed with calls for local government bonds to be swapped for central government debt.
Oct-01 09:45
You are invited to listen to a Livestreamed MNI Connect Video Conference with ECB Executive Board Member, Piero Cipollone.
Details below:
- Speaker: ECB Executive Board Member,Piero Cipollone.
- Topic of discussion: ‘Money in the Digital Age: Digital Euro, Tokenisation and the Role of Central Banks’
- Date: Tuesday 6 October from 1400-15.30 London/0900-10.30 ET/15:00-16:30 CET
- This event will be run as a Zoom Webinar and is a public, on-the-record event.
To register please go to: MNI Webcast Registration
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